When you envision taking distributions from your investment accounts, the most common assumption is that it will involve selling stocks and taking a cash distribution.
Well, there is a little known alternate strategy for taking withdrawals.
These withdrawals are referred to as “in-kind” distributions. Let’s take a look at what these in-kind distributions are, reasons for using them, and how to carry them out.
JUMP TO SECTION hideAn “in-kind” withdrawal is a distribution made in the form of unsold securities (investments) or other property, rather than in cash.
More simply put, it’s any distribution NOT made in cash.
A distribution in-kind can be made in several different situations, including a stock dividend, inheritance, or taking securities out of a tax-advantaged account.
Yes, IRA distributions can be made in-kind. For a traditional IRA, this will typically be a distribution of stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or ETFs.
Just like a cash distribution, in-kind distributions from traditional IRAs are fully taxable. The taxable value of the in-kind distribution is determined by the current fair market value of the investment holdings that are being taken in-kind.
Other tax-advantaged retirement accounts that allow for in-kind distributions include:
Beneficiary IRAs (Inherited IRAs)
401(k) accounts
SEP IRAs
SIMPLE IRAs
Roth 401(k) accounts
Roth IRAs
The reasons for choosing to take an in-kind distribution can vary drastically, but here a few of the most common:
There are some cases when taking an in-kind distribution will result in more favorable tax treatment than taking the distribution in cash. One of the most well-known examples of this is Net Unrealized Appreciation (NUA).
If you hold shares of your employer’s stock in a qualified retirement plan, distributing those in-kind allows you to take advantage of any net unrealized appreciation. Net unrealized appreciation is the gain you’ve accumulated on your company’s stock while it’s been in your retirement account.
For tax purposes, the IRS treats appreciated company stock held in a retirement plan very favorably. Normally, distributions from tax-deferred retirement accounts are taxed as ordinary income. This is NOT the case with appreciated company stock when it distributed in-kind.
When using NUA to withdrawal your company stock ‘in-kind’, your income tax rate only applies to the amount you paid for the stock (your cost-basis).
If you choose to sell the stock once it is outside of your retirement account, those gains will now only be taxed at capital gains tax rates. Capital gains rates are much lower than income tax rates.
Let’s take a look at an example:
Scenario A (No NUA) – You’ve purchased shares of your employer’s stock for $100,000 and they’ve grown to $250,000. If you sell that stock and withdraw the $250,000 in cash, you will owe ordinary income tax on the entire $250,000 distribution.
Scenario B (With NUA) – You’ve purchased shares of your employer’s stock for $100,000 and they’ve grown to $250,0000. You instead, take the original $100,000 of stock purchases in-kind.
In this case, pay ordinary income tax rates on the $100,000 purchase price of the stock, but you get to move the entire $250,000 stock position to a brokerage account. If/when you choose to sell that stock position (now in your brokerage account) in the future, you’ll only pay capital gains taxes on any of the money you’ve gained above your original $100,000 purchase price.
To give you additional context, the maximum ordinary income tax rate in 2020 is 37%, while the maximum capital gains tax is only 20%. That 17% difference could have lead to a $25,500 tax savings, in this case.
If you like a stock and think it will continue to perform well in the future, you may not want to sell it just yet. An in-kind IRA distribution allows you to keep the stock and still accomplish your financial goals.
When taken in-kind, those stock shares remain intact throughout the distribution and you do not incur the risk of market timing or transaction expenses that comes with receiving cash and having to re-purchase the shares all over again.
It’s convenient. It’s simple. And, you don’t have to worry about the stock price increasing by 20% the day before you plan to buy it back. Ouch!
Real estate, precious metals (gold bars, silver coins, etc), fine art, and classic cars are all examples of illiquid assets that can be held in an IRA. The tax treatment that these assets receive while in the IRA is great, but these assets are not always easy to liquidate.
If you are required to make a distribution from your IRA, it may be more beneficial (and quicker) to withdrawal these types of assets in-kind at market value, versus taking time to find a buyer that is willing to give you the cash you want.
Once you reach age 72, you have to start taking required minimum distributions (RMDs) from your traditional IRA. For reasons previously mentioned, not everyone wants to liquidate investment shares and take cash. The good news is that the IRS does not require you to.
Your RMDs can also be taken in-kind.
If you actually need to spend your RMD to cover living expenses, then you may as well just withdraw the value as cash. However, RMD rules often force many retirees to take excess withdrawals that they don’t need and would prefer to leave in savings.
Taking your RMD in-kind will allow you to roll select investment holdings into a taxable account. That way, you won’t need to worry about selecting new investments or missing out on any market gains.
However, you will still owe ordinary income tax based on the value of the investment that you choose to withdrawal in-kind. You’ll need to come up with some cash to pay the IRS the taxes you owe on the withdrawal.
Here’s a prime example of the benefit of taking RMDs in-kind:
You find yourself with IRA holdings that are depressed in value, and you need to take a required minimum distribution. You can make the most of the situation by taking the securities in-kind, while you believe their value is at a low point.
You’ll pay ordinary income tax on those securities at that relatively low value.
After you complete the in-kind withdrawal by moving these securities to a taxable brokerage account, any growth beyond today’s relatively low value will only be taxed at the capital gains rates.
Reminder – maximum ordinary income tax rates are 37%, while maximum capital gains tax rates are only 20%.
All of this talk about reasons and benefits is great, but how do you do it? Here are the steps.
NOTE: As you go through the steps, though, it’s important to take market fluctuations into account. It takes time to move assets, so if share prices drop during the transfer, you may not meet your RMD. Verify that the final value of the shares you transfer meets your RMD—and take steps to solve the problem if you fall short.
The Bottom Line
Deciding to take an in-kind IRA distribution is all about your personal preferences and financial goals.
As you have seen, in-kind distributions can be beneficial for numerous reasons, but you should also be cautious when going this route due to the fact they involve fluctuating share prices.
If you are trying to satisfy your RMD amount with an in-kind distribution of shares, you always run the risk of coming up short or withdrawing too much.
In the former situation, you’ll have to make a withdrawal from another IRA to meet your requirements.
If you take too large of an in-kind distribution, on the other hand, it could marginally increase the amount of ordinary income tax that you pay on your RMD. As always, consult with your financial advisor if you’re having trouble deciding whether it’s a wise move for you to make.